William Li: Can we eat to starve cancer? http://www.ted.com/talks... Angiogenesis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 11 -22 sort http://singularityhub.com/2011... , 11 -28 -12 sort http://www.kevinmd.com/blog... , 2 -4 -13 http://blog.ted.com/2013... , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 2 -12 [ http://www.skepticblog.org/2011... http://www.thedcasite.com/laetril... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... Diet Some common components of human diets also act as mild angiogenesis inhibitors and have therefore been proposed for angioprevention, the prevention of metastasis through the inhibition of angiogenesis. In particular, the following foodstuffs contain significant inhibitors and have been suggested as part of a healthy diet for this and other benefits: Soy products such as tofu and tempeh, (which contain the inhibitor "genistein")[7] Agaricus blazei mushrooms (angiogenesis inhibitors found in the mushroom include sodium pyroglutamate and ergosterol)[8][9] Black raspberry extract (Rubus occidentalis)[10] Reishi mushrooms (via inhibition of VEGF and TGF-beta)[11] Trametes versicolor mushrooms[12] Maitake mushrooms (via inhibition of VEGF)[13] Phellinus linteus mushrooms[14] Green tea (catechins)[15] Liquorice (glycyrrhizic acid)[16] Red Wine (resveratrol)[16] Antiangiogenic phytochemicals and medicinal herbs.[17] Royal Jelly[18] , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... ] - Thomas Page

NF-κB http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... The Inflammatory Factor Underlying Most Cancers http://www.lef.org/magazin... Inhibition of apoptosis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://friendfeed.com/citizen... Inhibition of apoptosis can result in a number of cancers, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and viral infections. , 11 -8 researchers aimed to investigate the efficacy of curcumin in the prevention of prostate cancer metastases, and to determine the compound’s mechanism of action. The researchers first examined the molecular processes that are abnormally regulated in prostate carcinoma cells, finding that tumor cells produce pro-inflammatory immunomodulators including the cytokines CXCL1 and CXCL2. The researchers demonstrated hat curcumin specifically decreases the expression of these two proteins, and in a mouse model, this effect correlated with a decline in the incidence of metastases. Observing that: “Chronic inflammation can induce a metastasis prone phenotype in prostate cancer cells by maintaining a positive pro-inflammatory and pro-metastatic feed-back loop between [inflammatory markers implicated in cancer],” the study authors conclude that: “Curcumin disrupts this feed-back loop by the inhibition of NFκB signalling leading to reduced metastasis formation in vivo.” https://www.worldhealth.net/news... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 1 -2 http://friendfeed.com/citizen... , 2 -10 Astaxanthin , Some research supports the assumption that it may protect body tissues from oxidative and ultraviolet damage through its suppression of NF-κB activation.[31] [32] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 3 -6 TNF: a master switch for inflammation to cancer.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed... - Thomas Page

IGF-1 is one of the most potent natural activators of the AKT signaling pathway, a stimulator of cell growth and proliferation, and a potent inhibitor of programmed cell death http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 5:2 diet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... Eat, Fast and Live Longer HD dead link , 9 -28 sort http://fitness.mercola.com/sites... http://fitness.mercola.com/sites... , 11 -8 Can When You Eat Affect Your Health? http://articles.mercola.com/sites... , http://friendfeed.com/citizen... , 2 -1 ? sort Deer antler velvet is essentially a growth hormone called "insulin-like growth factor 1," or IGF-1. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news... http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science... , http://www.deernz.org/about-d... , 3 -6 England Develops a Voracious Appetite for a New Diet http://www.nytimes.com/2013... , 3 -17 Dr. Michael Mosley: "The Fast Diet" http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows... The FastDiet: Lose Weight, Stay Healthy, and Live Longer with the Simple Secret of Intermittent Fasting by Michael Mosley Permalink: http://amzn.com/1476734941 http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows... , 4 -4 Eat, Fast and Live Longer with Michael Mosley http://video.pbs.org/video... http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013... , 8 -10 http://friendfeed.com/citizen... 3 -5 sort http://www.newscientist.com/article... .html http://medicalxpress.com/news... http://eatdrinkbetter.com/2014... [[[[[[ Americans who ate a diet rich in animal protein during middle age were significantly more likely to die from cancer and other causes, compared with people who reported going easy on foods such as red meat and cheese, fresh research suggests. The study, published Tuesday in the journal Cell Metabolism, was based on an analysis of data from NHANES, an ongoing federally funded study that surveys Americans about their eating habits and behaviors. In this particular study, researchers tracked about 6,000 older adults included in the survey to find connections between dietary patterns, death and disease. "The research shows that a low-protein diet in middle age is useful for preventing cancer and overall mortality," wrote co-author Eileen Crimmins, the AARP Chair in Gerontology at the University of Southern California, in a release about the paper. But here's the catch: The researchers also found that for older people, ages 65 and up, there may be a benefit to eating more protein. In this age group, higher levels of protein seemed to be protective against cancer and premature death. So how might these age-dependent effects be explained? Well, Valter Longo, the director of the Longevity Institute at USC, who led the research, points to changes in the growth hormone known as IGF-I. When we're young, IGF-1 help promotes growth, which is good. But as we age, too much protein in our diets may lead to overly high levels of IGF-1, which may contribute to aging and DNA damage, Longo explains. Then, after 65, when IGF-I levels trail off, our bodies may benefit from more protein in the diet to help fend of frailty and decline. "We've suspected that this is the case," Longo tells The Salt. In his view, most middle-aged Americans are eating too much protein. The findings, he says, build on previous research he's done on IGF-I, including a study that looked at a group of Ecuadorians who had low levels of cancer and diabetes due to a genetic mutation that lowered levels of IGF-I. In the new study, Longo and his colleagues found that high-protein foods derived from plants, such as beans and nuts, did not have the same effect on mortality as did high-protein foods from animals. Singling out the effects of protein in the diet is hard to do. For starters, our diets are complex, and sussing out the independent effect of any one component is tough to do. What's more, surveying people on what they have eaten, as NHANES does, and then trying to figure out how that influences their health years later is a tricky business. So there are still lots of questions about how to interpret these findings. In an age when advocates of the Paleo Diet and other low-carb eating plans such as Atkins talk up the virtues of protein because of its satiating effects, expect plenty of people to be skeptical of the new findings. That said, as we've previously reported, several other studies have found a link between a high intake of red meat — especially processed meats like bacon and salami — and other animal proteins and an increased risk of mortality. But could eating meat and cheese really be as bad for you as smoking, as the university news release describing the new Cell Biology paper suggested? Well, that may be an exaggeration, according to Dr. Frank Hu, a researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health who studies the links between health, diet and lifestyle. "The harmful effects of smoking on cancer and mortality are well-established to be substantial, while the harmful effects of red meat consumption are modest in comparison," Hu wrote to us in an email. For instance, in a study Hu authored, people who ate a serving of red meat every day had a 13 percent increased risk of mortality, compared with those who ate little meat. By comparison, people who swapped out red meat for alternative sources of protein cut their risk of premature death. Choosing chicken and other poultry decreased the risk by 14 percent, fish decreased the risk by 7 percent and legumes decreased the risk by 10 percent. So the debate about how much protein is ideal — and from which sources — will go on. In the meantime, if you're feeling confused, consider the one strategy that almost all experts agree on: moderation. The simplest way to maintain a healthy body weight and cut the risk of so many weight-related diseases is to limit calories. So eat what you enjoy. Upsize servings of greens and other vegetables. And downsize servings of meat, cheese and other high-calorie foods. http://www.npr.org/blogs... - Thomas Page

Study: Both Exercise and Whey Augment Human Growth Hormone Production, Which Can Keep Your Body Young http://fitness.mercola.com/sites... sort Your production of vital human growth hormone increases by up to 771 percent during a high-intensity, interval workout like Peak Fitness because you are stimulating your fast twitch muscle fibers, which are rarely used during most exercise programs. The higher your levels of HGH, the healthier and stronger you will be. Intermittent Fasting There's plenty of research showing that fasting has a beneficial impact on longevity in animals. There are a number of mechanisms contributing to this effect. Normalizing insulin sensitivity is a major one as insulin sensitivity is critical for the activation of the mTOR pathway, which along with IGF-1 plays an important part in repairing and regenerating your tissues including your muscles and thereby counteracting the aging process. , 3 -10 http://lifehacker.com/5989669... - Thomas Page

Neem tree http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... HSP90 keeps the death proteins in an apoptosis resistant state by direct association. Its wide range of functions results from the ability of HSP90 to chaperone several client proteins that play a central pathogenic role in human diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and viral infection.[4] Geldanamycin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... directly binds to the ATP-binding pocket in the N-terminal domain of Hsp90 and, hence, blocks the binding of nucleotides to Hsp90. Analysis of the effects of Geldanamycin on steroid receptor activation indicates that the antibiotic blocks the chaperone cycle at the intermediate complex, preventing the release of the receptor from Hsp90 and, eventually, resulting in its degradation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.wikigenes.org/e... sort for right plant ? http://www.rain-tree.com/andirob... http://www.worldhealth.net/forum... , England Develops a Voracious Appetite for a New Diet http://www.nytimes.com/2013... http://thefastdiet.co.uk/ - Thomas Page

Tumor necrosis factors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , ? Ripe Bananas Anti-Cancer and Immune Boosters http://goumbook.com/ripe-ba... http://www.doctoroz.com/videos... http://exposingthetruth.info/banana-... ? , 3 -6 TNF: a master switch for inflammation to cancer.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed... , 3 -18 http://nutribulletblog.com/bajan-s... , 6 -24 http://norecipes.com/blog... - Thomas Page

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 6 -19 https://www.facebook.com/angio... http://www.angio.org/underst... , 11 -7 http://m.theatlantic.com/health... The War on Cancer: From Nixon Until Now http://www.youtube.com/watch... http://www.nature.com/nature... http://www.scientificamerican.com/article... - Thomas Page

2 -12 sort to ? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.wikigenes.org/e... Probiotic drink made from Japanese pickle could provide wonder cure for flu Lactobacillus bugs found in pickled turnip Suguki boost immune system A probiotic drink is currently being trialled on humans after lab tests http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health... http://www.sciencedaily.com/release... http://inhabitat.com/tag... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.geekosystem.com/pickled... - Thomas Page

. - Thomas Page

sort Your Body Can Kill Cancer. It Just Needs Better Instructions. http://www.popsci.com/article... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... - Thomas Page

. - Thomas Page

2 -7 PI3Ks or Phosphoinositide 3-kinase The pathway, with oncogene PIK3CA and tumor suppressor PTEN (gene), is implicated in insensitivity of cancer tumors to insulin and IGF1, in calorie restriction.[3][4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... [[ Long-term potentiation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... - Thomas Page

Tim Ferriss http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... > I’ve wanted to publish this post for years. It will propose a few simple approaches for minimizing the occurrence of cancer. With 19 billion capillaries in our bodies, on average, virtually 100% of us have microscopic cancers by the time we’re 70 years old, more than 40% of us by age 40. There’s a good chance you have pinhead-size cancers in your body right now. These “cancers without disease” aren’t typically a problem, as they can’t grow larger than 0.5 mm without a blood supply. But if cancer cells gets constant blood and glucose? That’s when you can end up dead. That’s not where I want to be, and it’s not where I want you to be. A Little Backstory… While at the annual TED Conference in 2010, I learned that two close friends had been diagnosed with cancer. The year before, another friend had died of pancreatic cancer in his early 30′s. This all made me furious and sad. It also made me feel helpless. As luck would have it, TED in 2010 was abuzz about someone named Dr. William Li. His 24-minute presentation had introduced the crowd to “anti-angiogenesis therapy”: in plain English, how to starve cancers of blood. Dr. Li specializes in inhibiting cancer-specific blood-vessel growth, which ostensibly keeps abnormal growth in check. The simplest “drug” he recommended was tea. Drinking a daily blend of white tea (specifically Dragon Pearl jasmine) and green tea (Japanese sencha). I started drinking the cocktail immediately, but it was just a first step… In clinical trials, you see, anti-angiogenesis has been largely been unsuccessful. The father of the field, Judah Folkman, was brilliant, but his brainchild (Avastin) has been a disappointment. For about $100,000 a year of Avastin, one might extend lifespan by a month or so. So, while I kept drinking my tea, I realized it probably wasn’t enough by itself. That said, it pointed me to new research. I, for one, believe there are systemic causes of cancer with systemic treatments. This belief began with metformin experimentation in college (not recommended without doctor supervision), followed by reading the work and references of Gary Taubes, all of which has been reinforced by conversations with oncologists over the last decade. All trails have led back to blood and glucose. It’s also important to realize that killing cancer cells isn’t hard. Doctors have known how to do this for 100+ years. The real questions is: how do you exploit a weakness in cancer that is NOT a weakness in normal cells? Killing cancer is easy. Killing cancer while not killing non-cancer has proven almost impossible. The below guest post is written by Peter Attia, M.D.. It explores a simple theory of cancer growth, which simultaneously shows how you can minimize it. Peter is the President of the Nutrition Science Initiative (NuSI). Peter spent five years at the Johns Hopkins Hospital as a general surgery resident, where he was the recipient of several prestigious awards and the author of a comprehensive review of general surgery. Peter also spent two years at the National Institutes of Health as a surgical oncology fellow at the National Cancer Institute under Dr. Steve Rosenberg, where his research focused on the role of regulatory T cells in cancer regression and other immune-based therapies for cancer. Peter earned his M.D. from Stanford University and holds a B.Sc. in mechanical engineering and applied mathematics from Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. This post is designed to allow you to skim…or go deep. Here are the options: The quickie (10-15 min) - Read the post but ignore footnotes. Definitely a good start if you’re in a rush. The weekend warrior (30 minutes) – Read the post and footnotes, which provide an excellent intro to the science. The semi-pro (60 minutes) – Read the post, footnotes, and at least one top-10 suggested articles. This will give you more of a plan and put you ahead of 90% of the people who discuss cancer. Enter Pete One night Tim and I were having dinner and the topic of cancer came up. Personally and professionally, I have a great interest in cancer, so when Tim asked if I could write something about cancer that was: (i) interesting to a broad audience, (ii) not technically over the top, (iii) not my typical 5,000 word dissertation, (iv) yet nuanced enough for his readers, I agreed to give it a shot, in about 1,000 words. (Before reading this post, you may find some value in first reading a previous post which sets up the context for this one.) So here it is, in roughly 1,000 words… ### In 1924 a scientist named Otto Warburg happened upon a counterintuitive finding. Cancer1 cells, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, underwent a type of metabolism2 cells reserved for rapid energy demand – anaerobic metabolism3. In fact, even when cancer cells were given additional oxygen, they still almost uniformly defaulted into using only glucose4 to make ATP5 via the anaerobic pathway. This is counterintuitive because this way of making ATP is typically a last resort for cells, not a default, due to the very poor yield of ATP. This observation begs a logical question? Do cancer cells do this because it’s all they can do? Or do they deliberately ‘choose’ to do this? The first place to look is at the mitochondria6 of the cancer cells. Though not uniformly the case, most cancers do indeed appear to have defects in their mitochondria that prevent them from carrying out oxidative phosphorylation7. Explanation 1 Cancer cells, like any cells undergoing constant proliferation (recall: cancer cells don’t stop proliferating when told to do so), may be optimizing for something other than energy generation. They may be optimizing for abundant access to cellular building blocks necessary to support near-endless growth. In this scenario, a cancer would prefer to rapidly shuttle glucose through itself. In the process, it generates the energy it needs, but more importantly, it gains access to lots of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (from the breakdown of glucose). The atoms serve as the necessary input to the rate-limiting step of their survival — growth. The selection of cancer cells is based on this ability to preferentially grow by accessing as much cellular substrate as possible. Explanation 2 Cells become cancerous because they undergo some form of genetic insult. This insult – damage to their DNA8 – has been shown to result in the turning off of some genes9 (those that suppress tumor growth) and/or the activation of other genes (those that promote cell growth unresponsive to normal cell-signaling). Among other things, this damage to their DNA also damages their mitochondria, rendering cancer cells unable to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. So, to survive they must undergo anaerobic metabolism to make ATP. Whichever of these is more accurate (a discussion beyond my word count), the end result appears the same – cancer cells almost exclusively utilize glucose to make ATP without the use of their mitochondria. The point is: cancer cells have a metabolic quirk. Regardless of how much oxygen and fatty acid10 they have access to, they preferentially use glucose to make ATP, and they do it without their mitochondria and oxygen. So, can this be exploited to treat or even prevent cancer? One way this quirk has been exploited for many years is in medical imaging. FDG-PET scans11 are a useful tool for non-invasively detecting cancer in people. By exploiting the obligate glucose consumption of cancer cells, the FDG-PET scan is a powerful way to locate cancer (see figure). Cancer Blog Images You can probably tell where I’m leading you. What happens if we reduce the amount of glucose in the body? Could such an intervention ‘starve’ cancer cells? An insight into this came relatively recently from an unlikely place – the study of patients with type 2 diabetes. In the past few years, three retrospective studies of patients taking a drug called metformin have shown that diabetic patients who take metformin, even when adjusted for other factors such as body weight and other medications, appear to get less cancer. And when they do get cancer, they appear to survive longer. Why? The answer may lie in what metformin does. Metformin does many things, to be clear, but chief among them is activating an enzyme called AMP kinase, which is important in suppressing the production of glucose in the liver (the liver manufactures glucose from protein and glycerol and releases it to the rest of the body). This drug is used in patients with diabetes to reduce glucose levels and thereby reduce insulin requirement. So, the patients taking metformin may have better cancer outcomes because their glucose levels were lower, or because such patients needed less insulin. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) also appear to play an integral role in cancer growth as recently demonstrated by the observation that people with defective IGF-1 receptors appear immune to cancer. Or, it may be that activation of AMP kinase in cancer cells harms them in some other way. We don’t actually know why, but we do know that where there is smoke there is often fire. And the ‘smoke’ in this case is that a relatively innocuous drug that alters glucose levels in the body appears to interfere with cancer. This may also explain why most animal models show that caloric restriction improves cancer outcomes. Though historically, this observation has been interpreted through the lens of less ‘food’ for cancer. A more likely explanation is that caloric restriction is often synonymous with glucose reduction, and it may be the glucose restriction per se that is keeping the cancer at bay. Fortunately this paradigm shift in oncology – exploiting the metabolic abnormality of cancer cells – is gaining traction, and doing so with many leaders in the field. Over a dozen clinical trials are underway right now investigating this strategy in the cancers that appear most sensitive to this metabolic effect – breast, endometrial, cervical, prostate, pancreatic, colon, and others. Some of these trials are simply trying to reproduce the metformin effect in a prospective, blinded fashion. Other trials are looking at sophisticated ways to target cancer by exploiting this metabolic abnormality, such as targeting PI3K12 directly. To date, no studies in humans are evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of glucose and/or insulin reduction via diet, though I suspect that will change in the coming year or two, pending outcomes of the metformin trials. EDITOR’S NOTE:Though it might seem premature to some, let’s make this actionable. To reduce glucose, consider following a diet (way of eating, really) such as The Slow-Carb Diet, Paleo, or any diet that induces ketosis. Many of the most influential researchers in the US, in addition to following ketogenic diets, take slow-acting metformin as a preemptive measure. NOTE: This should NOT be done without medical supervision. Influences I’ve been absurdly blessed to study this topic at the feet of legends, and to be crystal clear, not a single thought represented here is original work emanating from my brain. I’m simply trying to reconstruct the story and make it more accessible to a broader audience. Though I trained in oncology, my research at NIH/NCI focused on the role of the immune system in combating cancer. My education in the metabolism of cancer has been formed by the writings of those below, and from frequent discussions with a subset of them who have been more than generous with their time, especially Lewis Cantley (who led the team that discovered PI3K) and Dominic D’Agostino. • Otto Warburg • Lewis Cantley • Dominic D’Agostino • Craig Thompson • Thomas Seyfried • Eugene Fine • Richard Feinman (not to be confused with Richard Feynman) • Rainer Klement • Reuben Shaw • Matthew Vander Heiden • Valter Longo Further Reading from Tim — A Top-10 List There is a deluge of writing about cancer. Below, I’ve suggested a top-10 list of articles as starting points. Some are for lay audiences, some are technical, but all are worth the time to read. Here you go: Looking for articles to pass to your parents, or to read as a lay person? Read these, in this order: 1. Non-technical talk by Craig Thompson, Pres/CEO of Sloan-Kettering 2. Science piece written about cancer (for non-technical audience) by Gary Taubes Have a little background and want the 80/20 analysis, the greatest bang for the buck? Read this: 3. Relatively non-technical review article on the Warburg Effect written by Vander Heiden, Thompson, and Cantley Peaking on modafinil during a flight to Tokyo? Want to deep dive for a few hours? Here are three recommendations, in this order: 4. Detailed review article by Tom Seyfried 5. Review article on the role of carb restriction in the treatment and prevention of cancer 6. Talk given by author of above paper for those who prefer video Want four bonus reads, all very good? As you wish: 7. Moderately technical review article by Shaw and Cantley 8. Clinical paper on the role of metformin in breast cancer by Ana Gonzalez-Angulo 9. Mouse study by Dom D’Agostino’s group examining role of ketogenic diet and hyperbaric oxygen on a very aggressive tumor model 10. Mechanistic study by Feinman and Fine assessing means by which acetoacetate (a ketone body) suppresses tumor growth in human cancer cell lines Afterword by Tim It’s my hope that this short article offers hope. Moreover, it’s intended to offer actionable directions for those dealing with cancer or fearful of it. Note a few things: I am not a doctor, nor do I play one on the Internet. Make medical decisions with medical supervision. This is a 1,000-word primer and therefore simplified. It’s not incorrect, but it is not comprehensive either, as it would impossible to digest for most people. Be sure to read the “further reading” above if you’re serious. Have you stumbled upon any novel science/treatments related to cancer? Please share in the comments below, if so, as I’d love this post to become a living resource. Many thanks for reading this far. ### Footnotes: A collection of cells in our bodies that grow at roughly normal speeds, but that do not respond appropriately to cell signaling. In other words, while a collection of ‘normal’ cells will grow and stop growing in response to appropriate messages from hormones and signals, cancer cells have lost this property. Contrary to popular misconception, cancers cells do not grow especially fast relative to non-cancer cells. The problem is they don’t ‘know’ when to stop growing. [↩] The process of converting the stored energy in food (chemical energy contained mostly within the bonds of carbon and hydrogen atoms) into usable energy for the body to carry out essential and non-essential work (e.g., ion transport, muscle contraction). [↩] The process of extracting ATP from glucose (but not fatty acids) when the demand for ATP is so great that the body cannot deliver oxygen to cells quickly enough to accommodate the more efficient aerobic pathway. The good news is that we can do this (otherwise a brief sprint, or very difficult exertion would be impossible). The bad news is this process generates much less ATP per carbon molecule (about 4 units of ATP per molecule of glucose), and it generates lactate, which is accompanied by hydrogen ions. (Contrary to popular belief, it’s the latter that causes the burning in your muscles when you ask your body to do something very demanding, not the former). [↩] A very simple sugar which many carbohydrates ultimately get broken down into via digestion; glucose is a ring of 6-carbon molecules and has the potential to deliver a lot, or a little, ATP, depending on how it is metabolized. [↩] Adenosine triphosphate, the ‘currency’ of energy used by the body. As its name suggests, this molecule has three (tri) phosphates. Energy is liberated for use when the body converts ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate), by cutting off one of the phosphate ions in exchange for energy. [↩] The part of the cell where aerobic metabolism takes place. Think of a cell as a town and the mitochondria as the factory that converts the stored energy into usable energy. If food is natural gas, and usable energy is electricity, the mitochondria are the power plants. But remember, mitochondria can only work when they have enough oxygen to process glucose or fatty acids. If they don’t, the folks outside of the factory have to make due with sub-optimally broken down glucose and suboptimal byproducts. [↩] Aerobic metabolism is the process of extracting ATP from glucose or fatty acids when the demand for ATP is not too great, which permits the process to take place with sufficient oxygen in the cell. This process is highly efficient and generates a lot of ATP (about 36 units, for example, from one molecule of glucose) and it’s easy to manage waste products (oxygen and carbon dioxide). The process of turning glucose and fatty acid into lots of ATP using oxygen is called ‘oxidative phosphorylation.’ [↩] Deoxyribonucleic acid, to be exact, is the so-called “building block” of life. DNA is a collection of 4 subunits (called nucleotides) that, when strung together, create a code. Think of nucleotides like letters of the alphabet. The letters can be rearranged to form words, and words can be strung together to make sentences. [↩] If nucleotides are the letters of the alphabet, and DNA is the words and sentences, genes are the books – a collection of words strung together to tell a story. Genes tell our body what to build and how to build it, among other things. In recent years, scientists have come to identify all human genes, though we still have very little idea what most genes ‘code’ for. It’s sort of like saying we’ve read all of War and Peace, but we don’t yet understand most of it. [↩] The breakdown product of fats (either those stored in the body or those ingested directly) which can be of various lengths (number of joined carbon atoms) and structures (doubled bonds between the carbon atoms or single bonds). [↩] A type of ‘functional’ radiographic study, often called a ‘pet scan’ for short, used to detect cancer in patients with a suspected tumor burden (this test can’t effectively detect small amounts of cancer and only works for ‘established’ cancers). F18 is substituted for -OH on glucose molecules, making something called 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), an analog of glucose. This molecule is detectable by PET scanners (because of the F18) and shows which parts of the body are most preferentially using glucose. [↩] Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, commonly called PI3K (pronounced ‘pee-eye-three-kay’), is an enzyme (technically, a family of enzymes) involved in cell growth and proliferation. Not surprisingly, these enzymes play an important role in cancer growth and survival, and cancer cells often have mutations in the gene encoding PI3K, which render PI3K even more active. PI3Ks are very important in insulin signaling, which may in part explain their role in cancer growth, as you’ll come to understand. [↩] http://www.fourhourworkweek.com/blog... http://eatingacademy.com/nutriti... - Thomas Page

5 -10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... - Thomas Page

Definitions http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... There is no one definition that describes all cancers. They are a large family of diseases which form a subset of neoplasms, which show features suggestive of malignancy. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth, and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.[7][8] Six characteristics of malignancies have been proposed: self-sufficiency in growth signalling insensitivity to anti-growth signals evasion of apoptosis enabling of a limitless replicative potential induction and sustainment of angiogenesis activation of metastasis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... and invasion of tissue.[9] The progression from normal cells to cells that can form a discernible mass to outright cancer involves multiple steps known as malignant progression - Thomas Page

iPad . Dumped 10 mins of notes somewhere save often and ] Aminopterin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.whitman.edu/newsroo... , disease of cells - genes , a disease of genomes , hundreds of genes mutated in any individual cancer , < we do not now know how to deal with ... , gleevec , hrceptin , back to the drawing board , organisimal disease , pathway disease , mutation ras cancer , physiology to networks , nodes on network Framingham , network diagrams , animated , sustainers , context of individuals info tech , tech against cancer , victory over our genome ... [[[[[ Q & A stigma of cancer , pins in voodoo doll medical files leading to quicker death , varying diet links to cancer ... , using immune system against cancer stuff out of seattle , 5 -12 ken burns http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... book to documentary cancer - Thomas Page

The Mind of a Disease http://www.nytimes.com/2010... The_Emperor_of_All_Maladies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... { thank you for reading } < Siddhartha Mukherjee typed this at book signing !!! - Thomas Page

. - Thomas Page

Skin_cancer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... % overall damage vs number of cases , proper sun exposure, total abstinence wisdom? wetware hardware , personal experience nonmalignant, nasty stuff. Ointments for skin cancer? nip it in the bud ? - Thomas Page

Proton Beam http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... - Thomas Page

. - Thomas Page

Americans Don't Know What Causes Cancer http://www.msn.com/en-us... Americans often are hit with individual studies of risk factors, not seeing the overall scientific consensus. "When it comes to cancer, there are no guarantees," she said in the statement. "But the science on lowering cancer risk has never been clearer." sort http://health.usnews.com/health-... - Thomas Page

. - Thomas Page

. - Thomas Page

. - Thomas Page

Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies MARCH 30, 31ST, APRIL 1ST AT 9 P.M. ET http://kenburns.com/films... http://video.pbs.org/program... http://cancerfilms.org/ - Thomas Page

. - Thomas Page

. - Thomas Page

Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies MARCH 30, 31ST, APRIL 1ST AT 9 P.M. ET http://kenburns.com/films... http://video.pbs.org/program... http://cancerfilms.org/ - Thomas Page