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Thomas Page

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May 12, 2011 from

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pstp biol ag Biological factors , 7 -10 Microbial ecology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 6 -23 Soil microbiology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... Category:Soil biology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 7 -13 sort http://www.theatlantic.com/health... - Thomas Page

Soil Foodweb Technology http://thesociocapitalist.com/2768... , - Thomas Page

From Tropics to Poles: Groundbreaking Soil Study http://news.usf.edu/article... , http://www.sciencedaily.com/release... , http://www.earthtimes.org/scitech... , 11 -3 Most complex soil ecology is where? 11 -14 Some sites with high animal biodiversity, like the Kenyan grassland site <this one? Compare to Original American tall grass and other prairies? “On average, 96 percent of our identified soil animals were found at only a single location, suggesting most soil animals have restricted distributions, or in other words, they are endemic,” said Wall, a University Distinguished Professor in biology at Colorado State. “This challenges the long-held view that these smaller animals are widely distributed. However, unlike most above-ground organisms, there was no indication that the location made a difference in soil animal diversity.” sort > http://www.pnas.org/gca... , 11 -30 http://www.nytimes.com/2009... , 4 -7 ( "On average, 96 percent of our identified soil animals were found at only a single location, suggesting that most soil animals have restricted distributions, or in other words, they are endemic," said Wall. "This challenges the long-held view that these smaller animals are widely distributed. However, unlike most above-ground organisms, there was no indication that latitude made a difference in soil animal diversity." "Mites and roundworms dominate soil ecology and contribute to the breakdown and cycling of nutrients in the soil," Garey said. "These animals are essential to the proper functioning of the soil ecosystem in natural and farmlands." The researchers also examined how the global distribution of soil animals relates to factors such as climate, soil nutrient levels and aboveground biodiversity. Results showed that sites with greater aboveground biodiversity appeared to have lower diversity beneath in soils. The main factors explaining this low soil animal diversity at sites with high aboveground diversity were high levels of soil inorganic nitrogen availability and lower pH compared with other sites. Some sites with high animal biodiversity, like the Kenyan grassland site, are considered more at risk due to land use and population increase. http://www.nsf.gov/news... ) - Thomas Page

Is diversification history of maize influencing selection of soil bacteria by roots? http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi... Agricultural Biodiversity Weblog http://agro.biodiver.se/categor... , 8 -31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.plantphysiol.org/content... http://books.google.com/books... http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index... http://soilfertility.wsu.edu/index... http://css.wsu.edu/research/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... - Thomas Page

African agriculture: Dirt poor http://www.nature.com/news... The key to tackling hunger in Africa is enriching its soil. The big debate is about how to do it. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 6 -12 http://soils.usda.gov/educati... http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki... , 11 -20 A new way to rescue Africa’s struggling soils: Planting perennials with crops http://news.mongabay.com/2012... , 1 -5 -13 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... 6 -9 http://modernfarmer.com/2014... - Thomas Page

Franklin Hiram King http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... He has been called the father of soil physics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... in the USA., List of soil scientists http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... Soil scientists include agrologists, pedologists http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... and soil classifiers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 6 -23 sort http://www.nofamass.org/seminar... http://healingtools.tripod.com/reams1... http://www.libertyzone.com/hz-Care... http://www.quackwatch.com/01Quack... http://brixman.com/REAMS... http://www.aglabs.com/soilTes... http://www.nutri-tech.com.au/blog... http://www.westonaprice.org/farm-a-... http://books.google.com/books... https://www.google.com/search... http://www.brixbounty.com/event... http://www.acresaustralia.com.au/booksto... - Thomas Page

The Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions with pop-ups http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsba... http://www.planetary.org/blogs... http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsba... http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsba... , http://research.google.com/bigpict... 7 -31 sort microbes nitrogen http://berto-meister.blogspot.com/2012..., 8 -2 insect and soil animal -organism gut microbes ? http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrock... , 1 -1 -13 http://www.nytimes.com/2013...& 12 -16 http://research.google.com/bigpict... - Thomas Page

Soil Microbes Harbor Nasty Antibiotic Resistance Genes http://www.livescience.com/22835-s... http://www.futurity.org/health-... http://www.sciencemag.org/content... - Thomas Page

Web Soil Survey http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app... , 11 -27 soil tests labs and testers http://www.lamotte.com/soil... - Thomas Page

ultisols and/or vertisols http://maddowblog.msnbc.com/_news... , 10 -11 http://www.npr.org/blogs... http://deepseanews.com/2012... http://www.npr.org/blogs... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs... , 3 -16 sort http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... Oxisol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/soilord... http://soils.usda.gov/technic... http://soils.usda.gov/technic... http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoi... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... - Thomas Page

Histosol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.nytimes.com/2012... , 3 -18 Bog paddy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... - Thomas Page

Life form "Animal" , 4 out of 5 animals are Nematodes ? GMO effect on nematodes ? sort beneficial nematodes , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 11 -12 sort http://www.nem.wur.nl/UK... http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc... http://www.nematodes.org/researc... , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.biocontrol.entomolo... longevity research on http://www2.massgeneral.org/devimmu... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://discovermagazine.com/2006... http://www.ted.com/speaker... not quite it http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , http://www.jic.ac.uk/staff... basic commenalities ? , < 11 -12 http://phys.org/news... ? , 11 -19 http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/scicuri... , 11 -30 Cornstalks Everywhere But Nothing Else, Not Even A Bee http://www.npr.org/blogs... - Thomas Page

11 -26 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... "Agriculture The soils in which plants grow are inhabited by microbial communities, with one gram of soil containing around 109-1010 microbial cells which comprise about one gigabase of sequence information.[57][58] The microbial communities which inhabit soils are some of the most complex known to science, and remain poorly understood despite their economic importance.[59] Microbial consortia perform a wide variety of ecosystem services necessary for plant growth, including fixing atmospheric nitrogen, nutrient cycling, disease suppression, and sequester iron and other metals.[51] Functional metagenomics strategies are being used to explore the interactions between plants and microbes through cultivation-independent study of these microbial communities.[60] By allowing insights into the role of previously uncultivated or rare community members in nutrient cycling and the promotion of plant growth, metagenomic approaches can contribute to improved disease detection in crops and livestock and the adaptation of enhanced farming practices which improve crop health by harnessing the relationship between microbes and plants.[28]" http://www.nap.edu/catalog... http://realityzone-realityzone... http://phylogenomics.blogspot.com/2012... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... } {? http://realfoodcampaign.org/review... "An interesting discussion in this book is about the number of atoms needed in amending an American acre, which is 43,560 square feet or 4,840 square yards. There are 5 million atoms in a drop of water (a standard drop, naturally, why do you ask?), which means that there is a lot of energy in that drop. Each pint of water has 10,000 drops, a gallon has 80,000. So, if the active ingredient you are using on your field is a teaspoon per acre at 15 drops per spoonful that is very little. Five million atoms times 15 drops equals 75 million atoms in a teaspoonful. In the top six inches of an acre there are two million pounds of soil. A single drop would put only 2 ½ atoms per pound of soil and a teaspoon full would give 37 ½ atoms per pound of topsoil. Please note that some herbicides are distributed over acreages at dilutions such as this, and at a pound per acre would be disastrous. So, if you put a pound of material on an acre, the equation is something like this: 10K drops in a pound of liquid and 5 million atoms per drop equaling 50 billion atoms, which if evenly distributed over an acre give plenty of atoms per pound of soil. If this is a paramagnetic material, it would have to be evenly distributed to create an energy field with no leaks, as it were. RBTI has a lot in common with homeopathy which also uses dilutions in millions and billions to one." ? - Thomas Page

Soil carbon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... Soil carbon is the generic name for carbon held within the soil, primarily in association with its organic content. Soil carbon is the largest terrestrial pool of carbon (2,200 Pg [1] ). Humans have, and will likely continue to have, significantly impacted on the size of this pool. Soil carbon plays a key role in the carbon cycle and thus is important in global climate models.http://soilcarboncoalition.org/faq Oceans: 38,000 gigatons C (stable, average turnover of a C atom is about 100 years) Fossil fuels: 4,000 gigatons C (estimate) Soils: 1600 - 2,400 gigatons C (average turnover about 35 years); recent new estimates of soil organic matter in peat and in polar regions have increased these estimates Atmosphere: 800 gigatons C (average turnover 5 years) Biomass: 600 gigatons C (average turnover 10 years) http://soilcarboncoalition.org/carbon-... , ( sort Soil Carbon Monitoring Understanding the response of the terrestrial ecosystems to global change will be an essential component of an improved ability to project our future climate, and will be necessary if we hope to identify opportunities for mitigation. Much of the uncertainty over the response of the terrestrial carbon cycle is associated with below ground processes. To a large extent, understanding of below ground processes is limited by the current state-of-the-art technology for soil analysis that is now over one hundred years old. We have developed new instrumentation that is capable of measuring soil carbon content over large areas, to a depth of 30 cm and without disturbing the soil. The principal is based on the Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) of fast neutrons from a carbon nucleus and subsequent detection of the emitted gamma rays. We are using this instrument in the field to measure the impact of management practices on carbon sequestration. http://www.bnl.gov/envsci... ) , sort http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi... , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.noble.org/ag... http://soils.usda.gov/sqi... http://www.extension.umn.edu/distrib... , 1 -27 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 1 -28 Interaction Soil-Biosphere-Atmosphere http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... North American Monsoon System http://cals.arizona.edu/researc... Soil Microbial Communities Could Moderate Climate-biosphere Interactions http://www.research.gov/researc... , 2 -9 sort to , Category:Soil improvers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... Soil quality http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://blogs.extension.org/masterg... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , http://www.biochar-international.org/biochar... , 2 -22 sort http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , 7 -15 http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD... - Thomas Page

Africa's soil diversity mapped for the first time Atlas drawn up by international experts aims to expand understanding of soil and how Africa can manage it sustainably http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-... http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library... , 8 -7 http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We... http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We... http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We... 6 -9 http://modernfarmer.com/2014... - Thomas Page

Humic acid is a principal component of humic substances, which are the major organic constituents of soil (humus), peat, coal, many upland streams, dystrophic lakes, and ocean water.[1] It is produced by biodegradation of dead organic matter. It is not a single acid; rather, it is a complex mixture of many different acids containing carboxyl and phenolate groups so that the mixture behaves functionally as a dibasic acid or, occasionally, as a tribasic acid. Humic acids can form complexes with ions that are commonly found in the environment creating humic colloids. Humic and fulvic acids (fulvic acids are humic acids of lower molecular weight and higher oxygen content than other humic acids) are commonly used as a soil supplement in agriculture, and less commonly as a human nutritional supplement. As a nutrition supplement, fulvic acid can be found in a liquid form as a component of mineral colloids. Fulvic acids are poly-electrolytes and are unique colloids that diffuse easily through membranes whereas all other colloids do not ~ Humic substances in soils and sediments can be divided into three main fractions: humic acids, fulvic acids, and humin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.agvise.com/educati... http://soils.usda.gov/sqi... , 10 -8 fulvic acid in green manure vs stovers ? sort http://www.extension.umn.edu/distrib... http://www.soils.wisc.edu/courses... http://soils.ifas.ufl.edu/faculty... http://books.google.com/books... ,10 -11 http://friendfeed.com/citizen... , 11 -5 Decoupling of soil nutrient cycles as a function of aridity in global drylands http://www.nature.com/nature... Mohamed Hijri: A simple solution to the coming phosphorus crisis fungi found in the soil called arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These fungi improve plant growth by increasing roots' ability to absorb phosphorus, while also boosting resistance to pathogens. http://www.ted.com/talks... http://permaculturenews.org/2013... http://www.scientificamerican.com/article... http://www.motherjones.com/tom-phi... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocen... http://www.nature.com/scienti... [{( 11 -18 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed... - Thomas Page

1 -6 sort humic acid utah http://www.livearth.com/ http://richearth.net/faq.html http://www.alisorganics.com/collect... http://urast.com/Researc... http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed... https://www.icmag.com/ic... - Thomas Page

8 -31 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... A Top Down Cascade is a trophic cascade where the food chain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... or food web is disrupted by the removal of a top predator, or a third or fourth level consumer. On the other hand, a bottom up cascade occurs when a primary producer, or primary consumer is removed, and there is a reduction of population size through the community. - Thomas Page

Phospholipid fatty acids http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... (PLFA) are an essential structural component of all microbial cellular membranes. PLFA analysis is a technique widely used for estimation of the total biomass and to observe broad changes in the community composition of the living microbiota of soil and aqueous environments. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... krill http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... [ Food Chains [[ 12 -15 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... [ 12 -16 Dr. Mercola Interviews Jerry Brunetti About Biological Farming http://youtu.be/hzo09EjTr_I 12 -26 sort The backbone of the DNA strand http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... [[[[ The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , like DNA and RNA, and is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate ... 12 -28 planetary environmental prescriptions for air soil and sea ? - Thomas Page

1 -9 sugar phosphate glycine ATP hydrolysis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... - Thomas Page

Antibiotic resistance is spreading faster than the introduction of new compounds into clinical practice, causing a public health crisis. Most antibiotics were produced by screening soil microorganisms, but this limited resource of cultivable bacteria was overmined by the 1960s. Synthetic approaches to produce antibiotics have been unable to replace this platform. Uncultured bacteria make up approximately 99% of all species in external environments, and are an untapped source of new antibiotics. We developed several methods to grow uncultured organisms by cultivation in situ or by using specific growth factors. Here we report a new antibiotic that we term teixobactin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... , discovered in a screen of uncultured bacteria. Teixobactin inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to a highly conserved motif of lipid II (precursor of peptidoglycan) and lipid III (precursor of cell wall teichoic acid). We did not obtain any mutants of Staphylococcus aureus or Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to teixobactin. The properties of this compound suggest a path towards developing antibiotics that are likely to avoid development of resistance. [ http://www.the-scientist.com/... [[ Treasure hunt Many of the most successful antibiotics were found in the mid-twentieth century by scientists who trawled microbial communities for bacteria capable of killing their brethren. But the researchers missed the type that produces teixobactin, Eleftheria terrae, plus many other potential candidates — known collectively as microbial ‘dark matter’ — because of their reluctance to adapt to life on a petri dish. Lewis and his Northeastern colleague Slava Epstein discovered E. terrae's potential with a device they call the iChip. It works by sorting individual bacterial cells harvested from soil into single chambers. The device is then buried back in the ground. Several molecules in that environment are able to diffuse into the iChip, allowing the bacteria to thrive in a more natural setting than a petri dish. Typically, only about 1% of microbes in a soil sample are able to grow in the lab. The iChip expands that fraction to 50%. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article... http://www.northeastern.edu/epstein... [[[[[[[[ by Ed Yong The British chemist Lesley Orgel had a rule: Evolution is cleverer than you. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have repeatedly proven him right. Since humans started making antibiotics for ourselves in the 1940s, bacteria have evolved to counteract our efforts. They are now winning. There are strains of old foes that withstand everything we can throw at them. Meanwhile, our arsenal has dried up. Before 1962, scientists developed more than 20 new classes of antibiotics. Since then, they have made two. More, hopefully, are coming. A team of scientists led by Kim Lewis from Northeastern University have identified a new antibiotic called teixobactin, which kills some kinds of bacteria by preventing them from building their outer coats. They used it to successfully treat antibiotic-resistant infections in mice. And more importantly, when they tried to deliberately evolve strains of bacteria that resist the drug, they failed. Teixobactin appears resistant to resistance. Bacteria will eventually develop ways of beating teixobactin—remember Orgel—but the team are optimistic that it will take decades rather than years for this to happen. That buys us time. Teixobactin isn’t even the most promising part of its own story. That honour falls on the iChip—the tool that the team used to discover the compound. Teixobactin is a fish; the iChip is the rod. Having the rod guarantees that we’ll get more fish—and we desperately need more. Bacteria have been fighting each other for billions of years before we arrived, so environmental microbes are a rich source of potential new antibiotics. The problem is that 99 percent of them won’t grow in lab conditions. So, why not bring the environment into the lab? That’s what the iChip does. It’s just a board with several holes in it. The team fill the holes by collecting soil, shaking it in water to release any microbes, heavily diluting the sample, mixing it with liquid agar, and pouring the agar into the iChip. The dilution ensures that each hole, now plugged by a disc of solid agar, contains just one bacterial cell. They then covered the discs in permeable membranes and dunked the whole board into a beaker of the original soil. The microbes are constrained to the agar, but they can still soak up nutrients, growth factors, and everything else they need from their natural environment. And thus, the ungrowable grows. “We have access to things that haven’t been seen before,” says Lewis. “The method has the potential to be truly transformative, giving us access to a much greater diversity of environmental bacteria than previously imagined,” says Gautam Dantas from Washington University in St Louis. Among these new microbes, the team found one species that kills staph bacteria efficiently. It belongs to an entirely new genus and is part of a group that’s not known for making antibiotics. They called it Eleftheria terrae. It yielded a compound—teixobactin—that could kill important rogues like the bacteria behind anthrax and tuberculosis, and Clostridium difficile (which causes severe diarrhoea). The team exposed some of these microbes to low levels of teixobactin for several weeks, to see if resistant strains would evolve. None did. “I thought: Aw, damn it,” says Lewis. “We discovered a detergent.” Counter-intuitively, if you see a total lack of resistance, it usually means that you’ve discovered a compound so toxic that it’s never going to work in an actual human. Hence: Lewis’s dismay. But when his team applied the drug to mammalian cells, it wasn’t toxic at all. It seemed safe, stable in blood, and capable of protecting mice from lethal doses of MRSA (drug-resistant staph). Things were looking up. Losee Ling from NovoBiotic Pharmaceuticals and Tanja Schneider at the University of Bonn showed that teixobactin works by withholding two molecules—Lipid II, which bacteria need to make the thick walls around their cells, and Lipid III, which stops their existing walls from breaking down. When teixobactin is around, bacterial walls come crumbling down, and don’t get rebuilt. The drug also sticks to parts of both Lipid II and Lipid III that are constant across different species of bacteria. It’s likely that these parts can’t be altered without disastrous consequences, making it harder for bacteria to avoid teixobactin’s double-punch. This might explain why it’s so hard to evolve resistance to the drug. This won’t work on every bacterium. Many of them, like E.coli, Salmonella, and Helicobacter, have another membrane around their cell walls that can deflect teixobactin. So does E.terrae—the microbe that makes the drug in the first place. That’s actually a good thing. Lewis says that many of the resistance mutations that defuse antibiotics originate the microbes that produce those drugs—after all, they must protect themselves. But since E.terrae is impervious to teixobactin, it doesn’t need any such mutations. It has no countermeasure for other bacteria to borrow. “It started looking to us like a fool-proof case of no resistance,” he says. The existing antibiotic vancomycin also works by sticking to Lipid II, albeit to a different part of the molecule that changes more from one microbe to the next. It took 30 years for bacteria to start resisting vancomycin, and Lewis hopes that teixobactin resistance will take even longer to appear. “We are constantly in need of new antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action, especially ones that can evade known resistance mechanisms,” says Karen Bush from Indiana University. Teixobactin certainly fits that bill, but Bush is sceptical that it is as resistance-proof as it first appears. “Other agents have been studied in similar kinds of resistance selection studies as described in the paper. Although those drugs had no demonstrable resistance under that set of conditions, more stringent selection procedures resulted in detection of resistant strains,” she says. Laura Piddock, a microbiologist at the University of Birmingham and leader of Antibiotic Action, adds that other environmental bacteria might harbour countermeasures to teixobactin. “To be sure that resistance to this new antibiotic is unlikely to occur in the clinical setting, bacteria isolated from the same environmental niche should be screened for teixobactin-resistance conferring genes,” she says in an email. Meanwhile, Lewis’ team are doing more tests with teixobactin in other animals, with a view to eventually getting FDA approval. They’re also trying to tweak the compound and make it more soluble, which would allow them to give people higher doses. And, of course, he will continue to use the iChip to identify even more potential drugs. http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015... - Thomas Page

. - Thomas Page

Root_nodule http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... http://tolweb.org/notes... http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/aa126 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... 3 -19 Weed seed , Soil_seed_bank http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki... - Thomas Page

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